原文标题是 10 Things Every Java Programmer Should Know about String 。原文写的非常的棒，虽然是英文，但是阅读起来并不困难，所以还是放弃翻译了，别糟蹋被人的东西了。细细研究，这里有很多小知识点写得很清楚，有空白白拜读，随便提高英文阅读能力。在文章内还提到了其他几篇文章，非常推荐大家阅读，只是前方有墙，自带梯子。最后别问我为啥10件事情写出了11件，我也不知道～～
以下开始是正义，加注释的是我的备注，可以忽略不看。
String in Java is very special class and most frequently used class as well. There are lot many things to learn about String in Java than any other class, and having a good knowledge of different String functionalities makes you to use it properly. Given heavy use of Java String in almost any kind of project, it become even more important to know subtle detail about String. Though I have shared lot of String related article already here in Javarevisited, this is an effort to bring some of String feature together. In this tutorial we will see some important points about Java String, which is worth remembering. You can also refer my earlier post 10 advanced Java String questions to know more about String. Though I tried to cover lot of things, there are definitely few things, which I might have missed; please let me know if you have any question or doubt on java.lang.String functionality and I will try to address them here.
// 这个问题，很多第一编程语言就是 Java 的人可能不好理解，如果之前学过 C 或者 C++ 的话，就应该很好理解了。在 C 和 C++ 中，定义一个字符串的时候，获得到的是这个字符串的引用地址，字符串的内容从这个引用地址开始，到结束符为止。而 Java 中的字符串是没有结束符的，在 Java 中，字符串（String）是一个对象，这个对象里封装了一个数组，数组的每个元素是字符。
Unlike C and C++, String in Java doesn't terminate with null character. Instead String are Object in Java and backed by character array. You can get the character array used to represent String in Java by calling toCharArray() method of java.lang.String class of JDK.
// String 是不可变的，一旦被创建就不能更改它的内容，任何的修改都会产生新的 String 对象。并且 String 没有任何的子类。
Strings are immutable in Java it means once created you cannot modify content of String. If you modify it by using toLowerCase(), toUpperCase() or any other method, It always result in new String. Since String is final there is no way anyone can extend String or override any of String functionality. Now if you are puzzled why String is immutable or final in Java. checkout the link.http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2010/10/why-string-is-immutable-in-java.html
// String 对象都存储在 String 池里。每次创建新的对象的时候，虚拟机都会从 String 池里查找有没有相同的对象，而不是直接创建的新的对象。但如果使用 new 去创建的话，虚拟机会直接创建新的对象。
As I Said earlier String is special class in Java and all String literal e.g. "abc" (anything which is inside double quotes are String literal in Java) are maintained in a separate String pool, special memory location inside Java memory, more precisely inside PermGen Space. Any time you create a new String object using String literal, JVM first checks String pool and if an object with similar content available, than it returns that and doesn't create a new object. JVM doesn't perform String pool check if you create object using new operator.
You may face subtle issues if you are not aware of this String behaviour , here is an example
String name = "Scala"; //1st String object
String name_1 = "Scala"; //same object referenced by name variable
String name_2 = new String("Scala") //different String object
//this will return true
if(name==name_1){
System.out.println("both name and name_1 is pointing to same string object");
}
//this will return false
if(name==name_2){
System.out.println("both name and name_2 is pointing to same string object");
}
“==” 比较的是对象的内存地址，而不是 String 的内容。if you compare name and name1 using equality operator "==" it will return true because both are pointing to same object. While name==name2 will return false because they are pointing to different string object. It's worth remembering that equality "==" operator compares object memory location and not characters of String. By default Java puts all string literal into string pool, but you can also put any string into pool by calling intern() method of java.lang.String class, like string created using new() operator.
// String 类重写了 equals（） 方法，可以用来比较两个 String 的内容是否相同。
String in Java String class overrides equals method and provides a content equality, which is based on characters, case and order. So if you want to compare two String object, to check whether they are same or not, always use equals() method instead of equality operator. Like in earlier example if we use equals method to compare objects, they will be equal to each other because they all contains same contents. Here is example of comparing String using equals method.
String name = "Java"; //1st String object
String name_1 = "Java"; //same object referenced by name variable
String name_2 = new String("Java") //different String object
if(name.equals(name_1)){
System.out.println("name and name_1 are equal String by equals method");
}
//this will return false
if(name==name_2){
System.out.println("name_1 and name_2 are equal String by equals method");
}
You can also check my earlier post difference between equals() method and == operator for more detail discussion on consequences of comparing two string using == operator in Java.
indexOf() , lastIndexOf() , matches() 用来查找 String 中是否存在指定的子 String .
String class in Java provides convenient method to see if a character or sub-string or a pattern exists in current String object. You can use indexOf() which will return position of character or String, if that exist in current String object or -1 if character doesn't exists in String. lastIndexOf is similar but it searches from end.
String.match(String regex) is even more powerful, which allows you to search for a regular expression pattern inside String. here is examples of indexOf, lastIndexOf and matches method from java.lang.String class.
String str = "Java is best programming language";
if(str.indexOf("Java") != -1){
System.out.println("String contains Java at index :" + str.indexOf("Java"));
}
if(str.matches("J.*")){
System.out.println("String Starts with J");
}
str ="Do you like Java ME or Java EE";
if(str.lastIndexOf("Java") != -1){
System.out.println("String contains Java lastly at: " + str.lastIndexOf("Java"));
}
//返回的索引值的范围是从 0 开始，到 String.length() -1 ，要注意做好保护，避免越界。
As expected indexOf will return 0 because characters in String are indexed from zero. lastIndexOf returns index of second “Java”, which starts at 23 and matches will return true because J. pattern is any String starting with character J followed by any character because of dot(.) and any number of time due to asterick ().
Remember matches() is tricky and some time non-intuitive. If you just put "Java" in matches it will return false because String is not equals to "Java" i.e. in case of plain text it behaves like equals method. See here for more examples of String matches() method.
Apart from indexOf(), lastIndexOf() and matches(String regex) String also has methods like startsWith() and endsWidth(), which can be used to check an String if it starting or ending with certain character or String.
// subString() 来用做字符串裁剪，获取字符串的一部分。
Java String provides another useful method called substring(), which can be used to get parts of String. basically you specify start and end index and substring() method returns character from that range. Index starts from 0 and goes till String.length()-1. By the way String.length() returns you number of characters in String, including white spaces like tab, space. One point which is worth remembering here is that substring is also backed up by character array, which is used by original String. This can be dangerous if original string object is very large and substring is very small, because even a small fraction can hold reference of complete array and prevents it from being garbage collected even if there is no other reference for that particular String. Read How Substring works in Java for more details. Here is an example of using SubString in Java:
String str = "Java is best programming language";
//this will return part of String str from index 0 to 12
String subString = str.substring(0,12);
System.out.println("Substring: " + subString);
// 在 Java 里，只有 String 重载了 "+" 加号运算符。 加号运算符可以用来连接两个字符串。当有大量的字符串连接的时候，虚拟机会产生很多中间的子字符串，这些字符串都被放入了String池里了。Java 提供 StringBuilder 和 StringBuffer 来提高字符串连接的性能。
Java doesn't support Operator overloading but String is special and + operator can be used to concatenate two Strings. It can even used to convert int, char, long or double to convert into String by simply concatenating with empty string "". internally + is implemented using StringBuffer prior to Java 5 and StringBuilder from Java 5 onwards. This also brings point of using StringBuffer or StringBuilder for manipulating String. Since both represent mutable object they can be used to reduce string garbage created because of temporary String. Read more about StringBuffer vs StringBuilder here.
// trim() 方法用来删除字符串开头和结尾的空白。
String in Java provides trim() method to remove white space from both end of String. If trim() removes white spaces it returns a new String otherwise it returns same String.
// replace() 和 replaceAll() 来用替换字符串或字符。
Along with trim() String also provides replace() and replaceAll() method for replacing characters from String. replaceAll method even support regular expression. Read more about How to replace String in Java here.
// 使用splite() 来分割字符串。
String in Java is feature rich. it has methods like split(regex) which can take any String in form of regular expression and split the String based on that. particularly useful if you dealing with comma separated file (CSV) and wanted to have individual part in a String array. There are other methods also available related to splitting String, see this Java tutorial to split string for more details.
// 不要用 String 存储敏感的数据，比如密码之类的。如上文所说的，String 的内容是不可变的，并且存在池中的，所以导致了它们存活的时间要比普通的对象长，这就增加了它们泄漏的风险，任何可以访问 Java 内存的人或工具，都可以从内存中找到密码，或者其他敏感的数据。这里有另外一篇文章讲述为什么 char 数组比 String 更加适合存储密码。http://javarevisited.blogspot.com.br/2012/03/why-character-array-is-better-than.html
String pose security threat if used for storing sensitive data like passwords, SSN or any other sensitive information. Since String is immutable in Java there is no way you can erase contents of String and since they are kept in String pool (in case of String literal) they stay longer on Java heap ,which exposes risk of being seen by anyone who has access to Java memory, like reading from memory dump. Instead char[] should be used to store password or sensitive information. See Why char[] is more secure than String for storing passwords in Java for more details.
Apart from all these 10 facts about String in Java, the most critical thing to know is what encoding your String is using. It does not make sense to have a String without knowing what encoding it uses. There is no way to interpret an String if you don't know the encoding it used. You can not assume that "plain" text is ASCII. If you have a String, in memory or stored in file, you must know what encoding it is in, or you cannot display it correctly. By default Java uses platform encoding i.e. character encoding of your server, and believe me this can cause huge trouble if you are handling Unicode data, especially if you are converting byte array to XML String. I have faced instances where our program fail to interpret Strings from European language e.g. German, French etc. because our server was not using Unicode encodings like UTF-8 or UTF-16. Thankfully, Java allows you to specify default character encoding for your application using system property file.encoding. See here to read more about character encoding in Java
That's all about String in Java. As I have said String is very special in Java, sometime even refer has God class. It has some unique feature like immutability, concatenation support, caching etc, and to become a serious Java programmer, detailed knowledge of String is quite important. Last but not the least don't forget about character encoding while converting a byte array into String in Java. Good knowledge of java.lang.String is must for good Java developers.
原文链接: （前方有墙，请自备梯子）http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2013/07/java-string-tutorial-and-examples-beginners-programming.html
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